Connecting the dots Connecting the dots

ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderMay be caused by a deficiency in neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine Diagnostic criteria:1. inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity2. symptoms: last more than 6 months, are present in at least 2 environments, present before age 12, not better explained by substance use, medical condition, or mental disorder, cause significant distress o..

24-hour urine specimen1. Collecting all urine over a span of exactly 24 hours.2. Discarding the first void in the toilet and then recording the start time of the urine collection. At that exact time the next day, the client should void and collect urine in the container for the final time.3. Keeping the specimen cold, either in a designed refrigerator or a cooled ice chest with the lid tightly s..

Gluten consumption -> immune-medicated small intestine inflammation -> chronic malabsorption-autoimmune disorder-cannot process gluten Clinical features-Malabsorption: abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, flatulence, bloating, Steatorrhea-Malnutrition: delayed growth, failure to thrive, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiencies (A,D,E,B12)-Dietry management: Gluten-free diet(BROW: Barley, Rye, Oat..

* decreased function of parathyroid hormone(PTH) -> hypocalcemia* Common cause: accidental removal or injury during neck surgery (eg. thyroidectomy)  decreased Ca, increased Phosphate, decreased PTHtingling and numbnessCarpal spam (trousseau sign)Facial twitch (Chvostek sign)Muscle crampsProlonged QT intervalSevere tetany (dysphagia, laryngospasm)CNS -> sezures precautionsmonitor for dysrhythmia..

Pathophysiology Decreased serum calcium level ( Causes:-Low parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels : Parathyroidectomy, thyroidectomy, radical neck surgery-Vitamin D deficiency-intestinal malabsorption (celiac)-phosphate-binding calcium: Chronic Kidney disease, Tumor lysis syndrome Clinical Features-Calcium acts like a sedative -> nerves and muscles are irritable when levels are low.* Peripheral neuro..

The Romberg test, part of a focused neurologic examination, assesses clients' perceptions of their head in space (vestibular fuction) and body in space (proprioception)-used to determine the reason for loss of coordination (ataxia)-asked to stand with the feet together and hands at the sides of the body. -> close their eyes -> loss of balance -> positive Romberg sign -> ataxia is sensory, rather..

Treatment of frostbite1. Remove clothing and jewelry to prevent constriction.2. Do not massage, rub, or squeeze the area involved. Injuried tissue is easily damaged.3. Immerse the affected area in water heated to 37-39 (98.6~102.2F), preferably in a whirlpool. Higher temperfures do not significantly decrease rewarming time but can intensify pain.4. Avoid heavy blankets or clothing to prevent tis..

Pathophysiology-Systemic vasospasm-Onset > 20 weeks gestation-Risk factors: Chronic hypertensionPrior history of preeclampsiaDiabetes mellitusMultiple gestation (eg. twins)Clinical features & diagnostic criteriaPreeclampsia without Severe Featuressystolic BP >140 or diastolic BP > 90mmHgProteinuriaPreeclampsia with Severe features>160 or 110 mmHgThrombocytopeniaIncreased CreatinineIncreased LFTs..